THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
Keywords:
Accrual-Based Earnings Management, Real Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, Audit Committee Characteristics, Ownership Structure
Abstract
This study is conducted to examine the effects of corporate governance on earnings management. The variable used in this study includes accrual-based earnings management (proxied by discretionary accruals), real earnings management (proxied by abnormal cash flow from operations and abnormal overproduction) and corporate governance mechanism of audit committee expertise, audit committee size, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and foreign ownership. Using purposive sampling method, this study uses a total of 318 firm-year observations of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2015 – 2017. OLS multiple regression analysis through SPSS 19 is used to analyze the data for the purpose of hypothesis testing. The result of this study reveals that corporate governance mechanism especially, institutional ownership has a negative effect on accrual-based earnings management. On the other hand, corporate governance mechanisms, especially institutional ownership and foreign ownership has a negative effect on real earnings management.
References
Abbott, L.J., Parker, S., & Peters, G.F. (2004). Audit Committee Characteristics and Restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(1), 69-87.
Afterman, A.B. (2016). SEC, The Audit Committee Financial Expert: A Closer Look at What That Means. The CPA Journal, 86(6), 24-25.
Agustia, D. (2013). Pengaruh Faktor Good Corporate Governance, Free Cash Flow, dan Leverage Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 15(1), 27-42.
Alzoubi, E.S.S. (2016). Ownership structure and earnings management: evidence from Jourdan. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 24(2), 135-161.
Badolato, P.G., Donelson, D.C., & Ege, M. (2014). Audit committee financial expertise and earnings management: The role of status. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2-3(, 208-230.
Bédard, J. & Gendron, Y. (2010) Strengthening the financial reporting system: Can audit committees deliver? International Journal of Auditing, 14, 174-210.
Bedard, J., Chtourou, S.M., & Courteau, L. (2004). The Effect of Audit Committee Expertise, Independence, and Activity on Aggressive Earnings Management. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(2), 13-35.
Black, J., Hashimzade, N., & Myles, G. (2017). Agency Theory. A Dictionary of Economics (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
Black, J., Hashimzade, N., & Myles, G. (2017). Corporate Governance. A Dictionary of Economics (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
Chen, M., & Tsai, Y. (2010). Earnings Management Types and Motivation: A Study in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(7), 955-962.
Dechow, P.M., Sloan, R.G., & Sweeney, A.P. (1995). Detecting Earnings Management.
The Accounting Review, 70(2), 193-225.
Delbufalo, E. (2018). Agency Theory and Sustainability in the Global Supply Chain.
Rome, Italy: Springer.
Dhaliwal, D., Naiker, V., & Navissi, F. (2010). The Association Between Accruals Quality and the Characteristics of Accounting Experts and Mix of Expertise on Audit Committees. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(3), 787-827.
Enomoto, M., Kimura, F., & Yamaguchi, T. (2015). Accrual-based and real earnings management: An international comparison for investor protection. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 11(3), 183-198.
Fayezi, S., O’Loughlin, A., & Zutshi, A. (2012). Agency theory and supply chain management: A structured literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(5), 556-570.
Garven, S. (2015). The Effect of Board and Audit Committee Characteristics on Real Earnings Management: Do Boards and Audit Committee Play A Role in Its Promotion or Constraint? Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 19(1), 67-84.
Gracía-Meca, E., & Sánchez-Ballesta, J.P. (2009). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Meta-Analysis. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(5), 594-610.
Guna, W.I., & Herawaty, A. (2010). Pengaruh Mekanisme Good Corporate Governance, Independensi Auditor, Kualitas Audit dan Faktor Lainnya Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 12(1), 53-68.
Gunny, K., & Zhang, T.C. (2014). Do Managers Use Meeting Analyst Forecast to Signal Private Information? Evidence from Patent Citations. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41(7&8), 950-978.
Guo, J., Huang, P., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, N. (2015). Foreign ownership and real earnings management: Evidence from Japan. Journal of International Accounting Research, 14(2), 185-213.
Habbash, M. (2010). The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance and External Audit on Constraining Earnings Management Practice in UK, Durham University, Durham.
Hamdan, A.M.M., Mushtaha, S.M.S., & Al-Sartawi, A.A.M. (2013). The Audit Committee Characteristics and Earnings Management: Evidence from Jourdan. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 7(4), 51-80.
Handayani, S.R. & Rachadi, A.D. (2009). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 11(1), 33-56.
Hossain, M., Mitra, S., Rezaee, Z., & Sarath, B. (2011). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act Regimes: Evidence from Implicated Option Backdating Findings. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 26(2), 279-315.
Hsu, M. (2015). The Influence of Institutional and Insider’s Ownership on Accrual and Real Earnings Management. International Research Journal of Applied Finance, 6(4), 223-249.
Huang, X. & Sun, L. (2017). Managerial ability and real earnings management.
Advances in Accounting, 39(17), 91-104.
Ibrahim, G., Bello, A., & Kargi, H.S. (2015). Audit committee attributes and real activities manipulation of the listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 4(9), 963-976.
Inaam, Z., & Khamoussi, H. (2016). Audit committee effectiveness, audit quality and earnings management: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Law and Management, 58(2), 179-196.
Inaam, Z., Khamoussi, H., & Fatma, Z. (2012). The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics on Real Activities Manipulation in the Tunisian Context. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 1-15.
Indrawati, N., & Yulianti, L. (2010). Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Kualitas Laba. Pekbis Jurnal, 2, 283-291.
Jao, R. & Pagalung, G. (2011). Corporate Governance, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Leverage Terhadap Manajemen Laba Perusahaan Manufaktur Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing, 8(1), 43-54.
Ji, X., Ahmed, K., & Lu, W. (2015). The impact of corporate governance and ownership structure reforms on earnings quality in China. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 23(2), 169-198.
Jones, J.J. (1991). Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations. Journal of Acccounting Research, 29(2), 193-228.
Kang, S., & Kim,Y. (2012). Effect of Corporate Governance on Real Activity-Based Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(1), 29-52.
Lai, L., & Tam, H. (2017). Corporate governance, ownership structure and managing earnings to meet critical threshold among Chinese listed firms. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 48(2),789-818.
Laksmi, A.C., & Kamila, Z. (2018). The effect of good corporate governance and earnings management to corporate social responsibility disclosure. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies, 22(1), 1-16.
Lemma, T.T., Negash, M., Mlilo, M., & Lulseged, A. (2018). Institutional ownership, product market competition, and earnings management: Some evidence from international data. Journal of Business Research, 90(14), 151-163.
Lo, A.W.Y., Wong, R.M.K., & Firth, M. (2010). Can corporate governance deter management from manipulating earnings? Evidence from related-party sales transactions in China. Journal of Corporate Governance, 16(2), 225-235.
Madden, B.J. (2010). Chapter 7: Corporate Governance. Wealth Creation: A System Mindset for Building and Investing in Business for the Long Term. Abstract retrieved from RMIT Library database.
Man, C., & Wong, B. (2013). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Survey. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(2), 391-418.
Mansor, N., Che-Ahmad, A., Ahmad-Zaluki, N.A., & Osman, A.H. (2013). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Study on the Malaysian Family and Non-Family Owned PLCs. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7(29), 221-229.
Marsha, F., & Ghozali, I. (2017). Pengaruh Ukuran Komite Audit, Audit Eksternal, Jumlah Rapat Komite Audit, Jumlah Rapat Dewan Komisiaris dan Kepemilikan Institutional Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 6(2), 1-12.
Midiastuty, P.P., & Machfoedz, M. (2003). Analisi Hubungan Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Indikasi Manajemen Laba. In Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VI, Surabaya.
Mishra, M., & Malhotra, D.K. (2016). Audit committee characteristics and earnings management: evidence from India. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 6(2), 247-273.
Niri, N.N., Moeinaddin, M., & Heyrani, F. (2014). An Investigation of the Relationship between Type of Ownership, Audit Quality and Earnings Management of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research Business, 5(11), 202-210.
Nuryaman, (2016). Earnings Management Through Real Activities Manipulation and Corporate Governance Mechanism Model. International Information Institute (Tokyo), 19(7A), 2625-2630.
O’Callaghan, S., Ashton, J., & Hodgkinson, L. (2018). Earnings management and managerial ownership in private firms. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(4), 648-668.
Pamudji, S.& Trihartati, A. (2010). Pengaruh Independensi dan Efektivitas Komite Audit Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Akuntansi, 2(1), 21-29.
Ratmono, D. (2010). Manajemen Laba Riil dan Berbasis Akrual: Dapatkah Auditor yang Berkualitas Mendeteksinya? In Simposium Nasional Akuntansi XIII Purwokerto 2010, Purwokerto, Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11400302/MANAJEMEN_LABA_RIIL_DAN_BERBASIS_AKRUAL_DAPATKAH_AUDITOR_YANG_BERKUALITAS_MENDETEKSINYA?auto=download
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335-370.
Sakaki, H., Jackson, D., & Jory, S. (2016). Institutional ownership stability and real earnings management. Review Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 49(1), 227-244.
Shayan-Nia, M., Sinnadurai, P., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., & Anitawati, A. (2017). How efficient ownership structure monitors income manipulation? Evidence of real earnings management among Malaysian firms. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 54-66.
Siagian, D., & Siregar, V. (2018). The Effect of Audit Committee Financial Expertise and Relative Status on Earnings Management: Case of Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, 22(3), 321-336.
Sohn, B.C. (2016). The effect of accounting comparability on the accrual-based and real earnings management. J. Account. Public Policy, 35(5), 513-539.
Sun, J., Lan, G., & Liu, G. (2014). Independent audit committee characteristics and real earnings management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(2), 152-172.
Susanto, T.K. (2014). Audit Committees and Earnings Management: Evidence from Indonesia Manufacturing Industry. In International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Penang, Malaysia.
Susanto, Y.K., & Pradipta, A. (2016). Corporate Governance and Real Earnings Management. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 9 (1), 17- 23.
Tabassum, N., Kaleem, A., & Nazir, M.S. (2015). Real Earnings Management and Future Performance. Global Business Reviews, 16(1), 21-34.
Teshima, N., & Shuto, A. (2008). Managerial Ownership and Earnings Management: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Japan. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 19(2), 107-132.
Visvanathan, G. (2008). Corporate governance and real earnings management. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 12(1), 9-22.
Wahid, N. (2013). Pengaruh Komite Audit, Audit Internal, Dan Audit Eksternal Terhadap Management Laba. Retrieved from Universitas Diponegoro Database. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/42169/1/WAHID.pdf
Zang, A.Y. (2012). Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-based Earnings Management. The Ac
Afterman, A.B. (2016). SEC, The Audit Committee Financial Expert: A Closer Look at What That Means. The CPA Journal, 86(6), 24-25.
Agustia, D. (2013). Pengaruh Faktor Good Corporate Governance, Free Cash Flow, dan Leverage Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 15(1), 27-42.
Alzoubi, E.S.S. (2016). Ownership structure and earnings management: evidence from Jourdan. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 24(2), 135-161.
Badolato, P.G., Donelson, D.C., & Ege, M. (2014). Audit committee financial expertise and earnings management: The role of status. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2-3(, 208-230.
Bédard, J. & Gendron, Y. (2010) Strengthening the financial reporting system: Can audit committees deliver? International Journal of Auditing, 14, 174-210.
Bedard, J., Chtourou, S.M., & Courteau, L. (2004). The Effect of Audit Committee Expertise, Independence, and Activity on Aggressive Earnings Management. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(2), 13-35.
Black, J., Hashimzade, N., & Myles, G. (2017). Agency Theory. A Dictionary of Economics (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
Black, J., Hashimzade, N., & Myles, G. (2017). Corporate Governance. A Dictionary of Economics (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
Chen, M., & Tsai, Y. (2010). Earnings Management Types and Motivation: A Study in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(7), 955-962.
Dechow, P.M., Sloan, R.G., & Sweeney, A.P. (1995). Detecting Earnings Management.
The Accounting Review, 70(2), 193-225.
Delbufalo, E. (2018). Agency Theory and Sustainability in the Global Supply Chain.
Rome, Italy: Springer.
Dhaliwal, D., Naiker, V., & Navissi, F. (2010). The Association Between Accruals Quality and the Characteristics of Accounting Experts and Mix of Expertise on Audit Committees. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(3), 787-827.
Enomoto, M., Kimura, F., & Yamaguchi, T. (2015). Accrual-based and real earnings management: An international comparison for investor protection. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 11(3), 183-198.
Fayezi, S., O’Loughlin, A., & Zutshi, A. (2012). Agency theory and supply chain management: A structured literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(5), 556-570.
Garven, S. (2015). The Effect of Board and Audit Committee Characteristics on Real Earnings Management: Do Boards and Audit Committee Play A Role in Its Promotion or Constraint? Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 19(1), 67-84.
Gracía-Meca, E., & Sánchez-Ballesta, J.P. (2009). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Meta-Analysis. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(5), 594-610.
Guna, W.I., & Herawaty, A. (2010). Pengaruh Mekanisme Good Corporate Governance, Independensi Auditor, Kualitas Audit dan Faktor Lainnya Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 12(1), 53-68.
Gunny, K., & Zhang, T.C. (2014). Do Managers Use Meeting Analyst Forecast to Signal Private Information? Evidence from Patent Citations. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41(7&8), 950-978.
Guo, J., Huang, P., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, N. (2015). Foreign ownership and real earnings management: Evidence from Japan. Journal of International Accounting Research, 14(2), 185-213.
Habbash, M. (2010). The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance and External Audit on Constraining Earnings Management Practice in UK, Durham University, Durham.
Hamdan, A.M.M., Mushtaha, S.M.S., & Al-Sartawi, A.A.M. (2013). The Audit Committee Characteristics and Earnings Management: Evidence from Jourdan. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 7(4), 51-80.
Handayani, S.R. & Rachadi, A.D. (2009). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 11(1), 33-56.
Hossain, M., Mitra, S., Rezaee, Z., & Sarath, B. (2011). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act Regimes: Evidence from Implicated Option Backdating Findings. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 26(2), 279-315.
Hsu, M. (2015). The Influence of Institutional and Insider’s Ownership on Accrual and Real Earnings Management. International Research Journal of Applied Finance, 6(4), 223-249.
Huang, X. & Sun, L. (2017). Managerial ability and real earnings management.
Advances in Accounting, 39(17), 91-104.
Ibrahim, G., Bello, A., & Kargi, H.S. (2015). Audit committee attributes and real activities manipulation of the listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 4(9), 963-976.
Inaam, Z., & Khamoussi, H. (2016). Audit committee effectiveness, audit quality and earnings management: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Law and Management, 58(2), 179-196.
Inaam, Z., Khamoussi, H., & Fatma, Z. (2012). The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics on Real Activities Manipulation in the Tunisian Context. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 1-15.
Indrawati, N., & Yulianti, L. (2010). Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Kualitas Laba. Pekbis Jurnal, 2, 283-291.
Jao, R. & Pagalung, G. (2011). Corporate Governance, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Leverage Terhadap Manajemen Laba Perusahaan Manufaktur Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing, 8(1), 43-54.
Ji, X., Ahmed, K., & Lu, W. (2015). The impact of corporate governance and ownership structure reforms on earnings quality in China. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 23(2), 169-198.
Jones, J.J. (1991). Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations. Journal of Acccounting Research, 29(2), 193-228.
Kang, S., & Kim,Y. (2012). Effect of Corporate Governance on Real Activity-Based Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(1), 29-52.
Lai, L., & Tam, H. (2017). Corporate governance, ownership structure and managing earnings to meet critical threshold among Chinese listed firms. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 48(2),789-818.
Laksmi, A.C., & Kamila, Z. (2018). The effect of good corporate governance and earnings management to corporate social responsibility disclosure. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies, 22(1), 1-16.
Lemma, T.T., Negash, M., Mlilo, M., & Lulseged, A. (2018). Institutional ownership, product market competition, and earnings management: Some evidence from international data. Journal of Business Research, 90(14), 151-163.
Lo, A.W.Y., Wong, R.M.K., & Firth, M. (2010). Can corporate governance deter management from manipulating earnings? Evidence from related-party sales transactions in China. Journal of Corporate Governance, 16(2), 225-235.
Madden, B.J. (2010). Chapter 7: Corporate Governance. Wealth Creation: A System Mindset for Building and Investing in Business for the Long Term. Abstract retrieved from RMIT Library database.
Man, C., & Wong, B. (2013). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Survey. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(2), 391-418.
Mansor, N., Che-Ahmad, A., Ahmad-Zaluki, N.A., & Osman, A.H. (2013). Corporate Governance and Earnings Management: A Study on the Malaysian Family and Non-Family Owned PLCs. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7(29), 221-229.
Marsha, F., & Ghozali, I. (2017). Pengaruh Ukuran Komite Audit, Audit Eksternal, Jumlah Rapat Komite Audit, Jumlah Rapat Dewan Komisiaris dan Kepemilikan Institutional Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 6(2), 1-12.
Midiastuty, P.P., & Machfoedz, M. (2003). Analisi Hubungan Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Indikasi Manajemen Laba. In Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VI, Surabaya.
Mishra, M., & Malhotra, D.K. (2016). Audit committee characteristics and earnings management: evidence from India. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 6(2), 247-273.
Niri, N.N., Moeinaddin, M., & Heyrani, F. (2014). An Investigation of the Relationship between Type of Ownership, Audit Quality and Earnings Management of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research Business, 5(11), 202-210.
Nuryaman, (2016). Earnings Management Through Real Activities Manipulation and Corporate Governance Mechanism Model. International Information Institute (Tokyo), 19(7A), 2625-2630.
O’Callaghan, S., Ashton, J., & Hodgkinson, L. (2018). Earnings management and managerial ownership in private firms. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(4), 648-668.
Pamudji, S.& Trihartati, A. (2010). Pengaruh Independensi dan Efektivitas Komite Audit Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Akuntansi, 2(1), 21-29.
Ratmono, D. (2010). Manajemen Laba Riil dan Berbasis Akrual: Dapatkah Auditor yang Berkualitas Mendeteksinya? In Simposium Nasional Akuntansi XIII Purwokerto 2010, Purwokerto, Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11400302/MANAJEMEN_LABA_RIIL_DAN_BERBASIS_AKRUAL_DAPATKAH_AUDITOR_YANG_BERKUALITAS_MENDETEKSINYA?auto=download
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335-370.
Sakaki, H., Jackson, D., & Jory, S. (2016). Institutional ownership stability and real earnings management. Review Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 49(1), 227-244.
Shayan-Nia, M., Sinnadurai, P., Mohd-Sanusi, Z., & Anitawati, A. (2017). How efficient ownership structure monitors income manipulation? Evidence of real earnings management among Malaysian firms. Research in International Business and Finance, 41, 54-66.
Siagian, D., & Siregar, V. (2018). The Effect of Audit Committee Financial Expertise and Relative Status on Earnings Management: Case of Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, 22(3), 321-336.
Sohn, B.C. (2016). The effect of accounting comparability on the accrual-based and real earnings management. J. Account. Public Policy, 35(5), 513-539.
Sun, J., Lan, G., & Liu, G. (2014). Independent audit committee characteristics and real earnings management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(2), 152-172.
Susanto, T.K. (2014). Audit Committees and Earnings Management: Evidence from Indonesia Manufacturing Industry. In International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Penang, Malaysia.
Susanto, Y.K., & Pradipta, A. (2016). Corporate Governance and Real Earnings Management. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 9 (1), 17- 23.
Tabassum, N., Kaleem, A., & Nazir, M.S. (2015). Real Earnings Management and Future Performance. Global Business Reviews, 16(1), 21-34.
Teshima, N., & Shuto, A. (2008). Managerial Ownership and Earnings Management: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Japan. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 19(2), 107-132.
Visvanathan, G. (2008). Corporate governance and real earnings management. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 12(1), 9-22.
Wahid, N. (2013). Pengaruh Komite Audit, Audit Internal, Dan Audit Eksternal Terhadap Management Laba. Retrieved from Universitas Diponegoro Database. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/42169/1/WAHID.pdf
Zang, A.Y. (2012). Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-based Earnings Management. The Ac
Published
2020-04-24
How to Cite
Wijaya, H., & Tifanny, D. (2020). THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT. ESENSI: Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 23(1), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.55886/esensi.v23i1.197
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Articles
